Repair 7

The chrome bonnet scoops on the Mini Cooper S and JCW models have been known to melt due to the high heat of the engine. Mini has developed a fix for the problem, which is covered by the Mini Cooper warranty.

Models Affected

The Cooper S and JCW models from model years 2006 until 2010 with the chrome bonnet scoop are affected. The Cooper S and JCW hardtop, convertible and clubman can all develop the problem.

Causes

For the 2006 model year Mini went from a superchared to a turbocharged 1.6 liter engine. Initially the 2006 hood scoops were non-functional and closed off; however, new engine design meant more heat was generated at the top of the engine under the hood scoop, causing it to overheat and warp.

Solution 1

Mini dealers can replace the scoop under warranty with a new design that will not warp as easily.

Solution 2

Remove the scoop and put holes through the scoop to allow it to vent. Recent Mini hood scoops have a few holes in them, and increasing the number of holes may prevent the scoop from warping.

The cooling system on the 1991 Nissan pickups come equipped with a thermostat that regulates the engines temperature. The thermostat is made up of a temperature-sensitive spring that moves the thermostat up and down in reaction to the temperature of the coolant. When the engine is running, the thermostat regulates the coolant flow from the radiator to the engine, allowing only the proper amount of coolant throughout the engine block. If the thermostat sticks, replace it as soon as possible.

Instructions

1

Park the 1991 Nissan pickup on a level surface. Set the parking brake and open the hood.

2

Locate the top radiator hose that runs from the top of the radiator to the engine block. Follow the top radiator hose from the radiator to the thermostat housing. The hose is attached to the thermostat housing tube. Slide the fluid catch pan underneath the engine in the general area of the thermostat housing.

3

Loosen the hose clamp by turning the adjustable screw head counterclockwise with a flat-head screwdriver. Pull the clamp about 6 inches up onto the radiator hose. Twist the hose back and forth with your hand until it loosens from the thermostat housing tube. Pull the hose straight off the tube.

4

Loosen and remove the two mounting bolts from the thermostat housing with a ratchet and a socket. Pull the thermostat housing off the engine block and place it on a clean rag.

5

Pull the thermostat straight up out of the engine block. Scrape any of the old gasket off the base of the thermostat housing and the engine block with a flat scraper. Wipe the thermostat housing base and the engine block clean with a clean rag.

6

Place the thermostat gasket over the bottom of the thermostat housing base and push the two housing bolts through the holes to hold the gasket in place. Insert the new thermostat into the top of the engine block with the spring facing downward. Lower the housing back over the engine block. Screw the two mounting bolts into the engine block until tight. Finish tightening the bolts with the ratchet and socket.

7

Push the top radiator hose back over the thermostat housing tube. Position the hose clamp over the hose and over the thermostat housing tube. Tighten the clamp with the screwdriver until the hose is tightly secured to the thermostat housing tube.

8

Remove the radiator cap and add coolant as needed until the radiator is full. Crank the engine and let it run until the engine is at operating temperature or until the coolant level drops inside of the radiator. This will show that the thermostat is working properly. Inspect the thermostat housing and the top radiator hose for any leaks while the engine is running. Add more coolant if needed to fill the radiator up with the engine running.

9

Turn the engine off and pull the fluid catch pan out from under the truck.

One of several major car components manufactured and distributed by Remy International, Delco Remy alternators have been an industry standard for over 90 years. A division of General Motors from 1918 to 1994, Delco Remy alternators are high output and heavy duty vehicle alternators. These alternators are categorized for use and performance, including brushless models.

22SI HP Heavy Duty Alternator

Weighing 14.1 pounds with dimensions of 7.79" H x 8.54" L, the 22SI Heavy Duty Alternator boasts a performance output of 150 Amps/12 Volts as well as a maximum speed of 10,000 RPM continuous and 12,000 RPM intermittent.. The mounting is a SAE J180 standard PAD mount.

23SI Heavy Duty Brushless Alternator

The performance output of the 23SI Heavy Duty Brushless model is slightly lower than that of the 22SI, coming in at 145 Amps/12 Volts. This model is also much heavier than the 22SI at 19.1 lbs, with dimensions of 7.79" H x 9.75" L. However, this model performs at the same maximum speed as the non-brushless model, 10,000 RPM continuous and 12,000 RPM Intermittent. It also uses the same mounting with a SAE J180 standard, PAD mount.

28SI High Output Alternator

Designed to work with vehicles requiring a higher level of electrical output, these alternators are lighter and more fuel efficient. Constructed for use in school buses, truck, utility vehicles, and emergency vehicles, they are available in three different mounting and two Amp options. The 180 Amp option boasts a performance output of 180 Amps/12 Volts when in motion and 125 Amps/12 Volts while engine is in idle. The 200 Amp option has the same engine idle output and a 200 Amp/12 Volt performance output when in motion. The mounting options available are the J180 Hinge (Standard Delco Remy Style), J180 Hinge (Long Leece Neville Style) and the PAD mount. The maximum speed for this model is 10,000 RPM continuous and 12,000 RPM intermittent. Extremely light in comparison to other models, the 28SI High Output is only 8.5 lbs.

50 DN Heavy Duty Transit/Coach Alternators

Specifically formulated for coach and transit applications, the 50 DN is available in gear or belt drive models with corresponding mounts; the belt drive model employs a radius pad mount, while the gear drive model has a flange mount. The performance output of this model is dependent on the model, with the belt drive offering 300 Amps/12 Volts and the gear drive model having a 270 Amps/24 Volts output. The maximum speed of the 50DN model is 6,500 RPM continuous and 7,000 RPM intermittent. The largest alternator model offered by Delco, the 50DN weights 100 lbs. and measures 10.12" H x 17.75" L in the belt drive model and 9.1" H x 16.0" L in the gear drive model.

You can stop the seat belt alarm from chiming on your 07 Toyota Camry right from your home garage, saving yourself a trip to the mechanic. You can find the instructions on how to do this right in the Camrys owners manual. The alarm is there to remind you to fasten your safety belt every time you drive the vehicle, but many people find it highly annoying. Just remember to fasten your seat belt before you drive anywhere because it is the law in most states.

Instructions

1

Put the key into the ignition and turn it "on" but dont start the engine.

2

Press the odometer knob in the instrument panel until it says "ODO." Turn off the ignition.

3

Turn the ignition on again and pull the odometer knob for 15 seconds. While still holding the knob, put your seat belt on.

4

Release the knob. The instrument panel should now read "B off."

Almost all automotive upholstery has a surface dye (or "top coat" dye). This layer of dye often wears off over time, leaving white patches where the vinyl gets the most wear. Repaired cracks also usually need to be recolored. Dye colorant is easy to use and repairs blemished areas in 24 hours.

Instructions

1

Clean the vinyl upholstery with a color prep solution and a vinyl upholstery cleaner. This will remove any stains from the vinyl to ensure an evenly-colored repair. Scrub well with a sponge and dry with a lint-free cloth.

2

Patch any cracks or holes using vinyl filler. Most vinyl fillers need to be heat cured. A heat gun, clothes iron, or vinyl heating tool can be used to heat the filler. Most fillers cure at 350 or 400 degrees Fahrenheit.

3

Clean the vinyl once more to remove any residue before applying the dye. Dry well with a lint-free cloth once again.

4

Apply 2 to 4 light coats of dye colorant as needed to cover the damaged area. Allow the dye colorant to dry completely between coats.

5

Apply a leather protectant and then buff the upholstery with a clean cloth once the dye colorant is completely dry. Vinyl is usually ready to buff after 24 hours.

The 1998 Suzuki Esteem was an economical compact car---available as a sedan or a wagon---offering reasonable space and practicality. The Esteem had an understated generic design, but it offered a solid 1.6L, in-line, 4-cylinder engine capable of delivering 95 horsepower. With its light 2,250-pound curb weight, the Esteem posted very respectable fuel economy figures of 37 miles per gallon on the highway and 30 miles per gallon in the city.

Fuel Pump

The Esteems electronically controlled fuel pump is located in the gas tank. As its name suggests, its function is to pump gas through the fuel lines to the engine compartment.

Fuel Pressure Regulator

The fuel pressure regulator, located under the hood, is responsible for feeding fuel directly to the injectors at the correct pressure. This is controlled by the electronic control unit---or ECU---and is based on several parameters, including driver throttle input and revolutions per minute. The regulator must be in good working order, as failing to feed fuel into the engine at the correct pressure can cause severe issues, such as back-firing or even detonation caused by the improper ratio of air to fuel.

Fuel Injectors

The Esteem is equipped with four small fuel injectors, each responsible for providing fuel to the combustion chamber. The injectors are also controlled by the ECU, which instructs the injectors when and for how long to release fuel. Injectors must be free from deposits or contaminants to operate effectively.

Fuel Filter

The fuel filter screens out any foreign object or debris that may accumulate in the fuel tank.

Gas mileage is an important factor in choosing a new vehicle or upgrading your current ride. One way to improve your gas mileage is by increasing your cars air intake. There are numerous ways to increase air intake, including installing dual exhausts.

Single vs. Dual

A dual exhaust system will increase the gas mileage of your vehicle. Above and beyond increasing your gas mileage, an added bonus to choosing a dual exhaust system is an increase in horsepower.

Types

There are two types of dual exhaust systems: true dual exhaust and dual exiting exhaust. Dual exiting exhaust systems have one catalytic converter, one muffler and a split tailpipe. True dual exhaust systems have two catalytic converters, two mufflers and and two tailpipes.

Exhaust Systems and Engines

Cars with four-cylinder engines cannot have a true dual exhaust system installed because they have only one exhaust manifold. Vehicles with six- or eight-cylinder engines have exhaust manifolds on both sides of the engine and therefore can accommodate a true dual exhaust system.

Tailpipes

Contrary to popular belief, having one or two tailpipes makes no difference in your engines performance. This is merely a cosmetic choice.

The 2000 Honda Accord has a chambered muffler. A chambered muffler forces the exhaust through a series of chambers and passageways to reduce the sound and vibrations caused by the exhaust system. When the sound of the exhaust system begins to drown out the standard noises of the car, such as the engine or the radio, it is time to replace the muffler. Another way to tell is if exhaust is exiting the system anywhere other than the tail pipe.

Instructions

1

Drive the car backward up on to the car ramps. This allows easy access to the muffler.

2

Disconnect the negative battery terminal.

3

Apply the penetration oil to all of the muffler clamp nuts and fittings. These are most likely very rusty from driving through wet conditions and the heat.

4

Remove the muffler clamp. If the nuts are too difficult to remove or if the muffler has been welded, use the hacksaw and cut the muffler at the clamp.

5

Remove the nuts in the muffler hanger. Use the impact wrench to remove these nuts. They have been tightened and stressed due to heat.

6

Pry the muffler loose from its rubber straps. Inspect the rubber straps for damage.

7

Install the new muffler. Insert it into the strap and attach it to the left over muffler with the muffler clamp. Reattach the muffler hanger. Reattach the negative battery cable.

Toggle switches are utilized in virtually all appliances, vehicles and structures. As a result, their mounting system is designed to be universal. It consists of a circular base with threaded sides, a washer, and a small threaded nut. The circular base is inserted from under or behind the mounting surface while the washer and nut are installed over the actuator in the front or top of the mounting surface. This type of fixture can be installed into any solid surface. When tightening the retaining nut be careful to avoid damaging the mounting surface.

Instructions

1

Unscrew the mounting nut from the male threaded mounting fixture that makes up the base of the actuator with pliers.

2

Drill a hole in the surface you wish to mount the switch to. The hole should be just large enough to allow the threaded male mounting fixture to slide through.

3

Slide the threaded male mounting fixture through the hole.

4

Slide the washer and mounting nut over the actuator and onto the male threaded mounting fixture.

5

Tighten the mounting nut with pliers until it is snugly in place.

Audi created the radio in a 1998 A4 with security in mind. The radio has a built in anti-theft system that locks out the radio functions whenever it loses battery power. This loss of power could be caused by a disconnected battery, faulty battery or simply a battery with a low charge. Regardless of the reason for loss of power, a security code is required to restore the radio to its normal operating condition. If youve lost your radio code, youll need to gather some information and visit your local Audi dealership in order to obtain a new radio code.

Instructions

1

Locate your motor vehicle title or registration and put it in a folder that you can take to the dealership. This has your 17-character VIN on it and proves your ownership of the vehicle.

2

Disconnect the negative battery terminal on your battery, using a battery terminal wrench.

3

Insert both special radio removal tools into the front slots on the radio press them down until they detach the radio retaining tabs. Grip both special tools and pull the radio out of the dashboard.

4

Look on the top or the back side of the radio for a serial number. Write this number down on a piece of paper and put it in the folder with your vehicles registration.

5

Depress the locking tabs on the back of the radio to remove the tools, then set the radio back into the dashboard and press it into place until it is flush with the dash and you hear the locking tabs engage.

6

Reconnect the negative battery terminal. Travel to your local Audi dealership and visit the service department. Tell them that you need a code for your radio. Wait while they access the security database on their computer, then provide your VIN and proof of ownership along with your radio serial number. They will input this information into the system to obtain your radio code.

The 2003 Chevrolet Tahoe is equipped with either a 4.8-liter V8 engine or a 5.3-liter V8 engine. With each engine option, there are two oxygen sensors in the exhaust system. Install new oxygen sensors in your Tahoe when you notice a significant decrease in fuel mileage or poor idling. Change the sensors at home to save the cost of a service shop. Buy oxygen sensors from an auto parts retailer or Chevrolet dealership.

Instructions

1

Lift your Tahoe with a jack and position the truck on a set of jack stands so you can comfortably work under it.

2

Locate the oxygen sensor protruding from the exhaust pipe just before or just beyond the catalytic converter. Disconnect the electrical connection from the top of the sensor by pulling the connector apart. Remove the sensor with an oxygen sensor socket and ratchet.

3

Insert the new oxygen sensor by hand to prevent the risk of cross threading. Tighten the sensor with the oxygen sensor socket and ratchet. Torque the sensor to 31 foot-pounds with your torque wrench. Press the electrical connection together.

4

Raise the truck slightly, then remove the jack stands. Lower your truck to the ground.

The 7.3-liter Ford diesel is an engine with high ratings for fuel economy. If you are having problems with your 7.3-liter Ford diesel, you can do several things before you take it to a service center. Diesel engines are not very hard to work on. Most of the troubleshooting can be done without invasive repairs to the engine and minimal knowledge of how the engine works. Common issues reside in incorrect fuel, a bad starter or leaks from the engine.

Instructions

1

Insert and partly turn the key, to engage the Ford electrical panel. Look over the fuel gauge and make a note if there is not enough diesel in the tank to start the engine. Low fuel prevents an engine from starting.

2

Replace the fuel in the tank with the proper diesel. Changing diesel according to the season is imperative. Summer diesel will be cloudy in the winter -- this is the presence of condensation in the tank.

3

Use a siphon hose to remove the diesel from the tank. Put one end of the siphon pump into the fuel tank and then put the other end of the siphon pump into an empty gas container. Pump the siphon until the tank is empty. Fill the tank with the proper kind of diesel fuel.

4

Raise your 7.3-liter Ford with a jack, so you can get under the vehicle. Look for the small box next to the engine block on the right side of the vehicle. This is the starter. Get a helper to turn the ignition. Listen to the starter while the ignition is cranking. If you hear a clicking or a buzzing noise, have the starter replaced by a certified technician.

5

Look around the Ford for any leaks. Leaks can inhibit the car from starting properly. If you do find leaks, have the vehicle towed, or drive it to a service shop to have the leaked repaired.

You can read the diagnostic codes on your 95 Chevy Lumina V6 using an OBD I scan tool. This small computerized device is used to read the codes and reset the computer after repairs have been made. It can be purchased from most auto parts stores. Trouble codes are stored by the On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) computer to help you troubleshoot malfunctions within the vehicle. Some codes pertain to the servicing needs of the Chevy.

Instructions

1

Locate the fuse panel cover near the steering column and open it by pulling downwards on it with your fingers. Find the port inside and plug the OBD I scan tool into this port.

2

Put the key into the ignition and turn it to the "On" position but dont start the engine. Turn on the scan tool.

3

Wait for the scan tool to retrieve the codes. Write the codes it displays down on a piece of paper. Turn off the vehicle and unplug the scan tool.

4

Look up the meaning of the codes in the OBD scan tool manual.

Automotive tools are used by both professional and amateur car mechanics to repair and maintain automobiles. These tools are generally kept in a garage or workshop until needed. Although modern cars contain many specialized components, the fundamental principles of automotive engineering have remained the same for quite a while. As such, every professional or amateur handyman should have a basic set of tools at their disposal.

Hex Key Wrenches

Hex key wrenches consist of metal rods in the shape of hexagonal prisms. They are usually bent at right angles near one end. They are used to screw and unscrew hexagonal-headed screws. Hex key wrenches are also called Allen keys. Hex keys can be purchased in sets of many hex keys of different sizes.

Voltmeter

Voltmeters are used to test car batteries. Car batteries can gradually run out of charge over time. A voltmeter measures the electrical voltage between two points in an electrical circuit. If a cars battery runs out of charge the car will not start.

Duct Tape

Duct tape is a tough, thick, waterproof masking tape. Duct tape is useful for binding components together while you work on them. It is also used for implementing temporary repairs on parts of cars, such as reattaching broken wing mirrors until they can be properly repaired.

Socket Sets

Socket sets typically contain a wrench and a large number of exchangeable heads. The heads are supplied in the set along with the wrench. Ratchet wrenches contain a ratchet mechanism that allow the wrench to easily rotate around the head in one direction. This enables the user to easily and quickly apply the wrench without removing it from the nut. Socket sets are also available in power tool versions.

To ensure that your MerCruiser engine powers your boat sufficiently, it is important to change its oil every year or after 100 hours of use, whichever comes first. Changing your MerCruisers oil requires you to hand pump the oil out of the system before refilling the crankcase and replacing the oil filter.

Instructions

1

Run your MerCruiser engine for ten to fifteen minutes to ensure that the oil in the engine is properly warmed up. This will aid in the siphoning of the oil from the engine.

2

Remove the dipstick.

3

Attach the threaded oil pump to the threaded end of the hole from which you took the dipstick. The specialty threaded oil pump can be purchased from a boating store or supplier.

4

Unscrew and remove the oil fill cap.

5

Punch a hole into the top of the oil filter with an awl and a hammer. Punching a hole into the oil filter before siphoning the oil from the engine will allow air to enter the crankcase and help in the pumping process.

6

Crank the hand pump until your MerCruisers crankcase is drained of oil. Drain the oil into an oil tray.

7

Use a strap wrench to remove the old oil filter.

8

Wipe the point at which the new oil filter will attach to the engine to remove all debris before wiping new engine oil around the edges of the connection.

9

Reattach the new oil filter by hand.

10

Fill your MerCruiser with the amount of oil specified in your owners manual.

The Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) valve prevents vapors from leaking from your 2007 Jeep Libertys engine into the atmosphere. The PCV valve forces harmful vapors back into the combustion chambers, so that they burn off during the fuel combustion cycle. When your Libertys "check engine" light comes on, or when your vehicle fails an emissions test, the PCV valve most likely has failed. Buy a replacement valve from an auto parts store.

Instructions

1

Raise the hood of your Liberty and rest it on the prop rod. Locate the PCV valve protruding from the back of the left cylinder head.

2

Pull the rubber hose straight back off the end of the PCV valve. Unscrew the PCV valve from the mounting area, by hand. Discard the old valve. Thread the replacement PCV valve into the mounting area, by hand, until it is secure.

3

Push the rubber hose back onto the end of the new valve. Push the hose back until it stops, making sure it is tight. Close the hood of the Liberty.

Correct ignition timing specifications are crucial for engine performance. Timing affects many variables, including fuel economy and engine longevity. Corolla is one of the most popular compact cars that was first introduced in 1966 and produced by Japanese automaker Toyota. Its engineers have determined precise timing specifications so that you can benefit from your Corolla as much as possible.

Measuring Ignition Timing

Use a timing light to check your timing while the engine is running. An inductive trigger signal will be picked up from one of the spark plug cables, causing the light to turn on and freeze while the spark plug fires. This helps to determine the crankshaft position. Use this information for making timing adjustments because the rate at which the crankshaft is spinning and is processed by the distributor controls the ignition (that is, controls when the spark should occur).

Timing Specifications

Ideally, the time at which the mixture should be fully burned on a Toyota Corolla is approximately 10 degrees before top dead center (BTDC) at 700 rpm.

Notes

Maximum RPM is not allowed. Cooling fan and vacuum advance (if equipped) should be turned off while adjusting the ignition timing.

Knowing the parts on a school bus is important for a school bus driver or anyone who might perform mechanical service on a school bus. For the driver, if the bus breaks down, it helps the bus driver to identify and communicate the specific area of the bus that needs attention. For the service technician, knowing the parts on a bus will help him make sure he orders the correct parts when making repairs. A number of ways to learn the school bus parts are available, and in most cases are a requirement for a school bus driver or a school bus technician.

Instructions

1

Attend a commercial driving course for school bus driving. In these courses you will learn to drive a school bus and to perform inspections to make sure the bus is safe before picking up passengers. If you are looking to learn about the basic parts of the school bus, how those parts operate and the importance of those parts in relation to safety, this course will provide that information. You can find bus driving courses in many communities at commercial driving education centers, which are usually privately owned. If, however, you are looking for more detailed information, you will need to take additional courses.

2

Take more in-depth school bus mechanics courses. These courses will teach you about parts on most major school buses, how those parts function, how to recognize deficient parts and how to change out those parts when needed. You can find these courses at local tech schools and community colleges or at technical educational institutions dedicated to commercial vehicle mechanics.

3

Learn the school bus parts through on-the-job training. Some commercial vehicle service centers that service school buses, will hire inexperienced candidates with some background in automotive mechanics from high school courses or other work experience. New hires usually start out cleaning parts and assisting with inventory and over time learn the different parts on the school bus. This learning is accelerated when you are promoted to a mechanic trainee position, where you will learn how the parts function and how to service them.

4

Purchase a mechanics manual for a school bus and study it. School buses operate in a similar fashion and use most of the same parts. A school bus mechanics manual will introduce you to the parts on the school bus, while providing detailed instructions on diagnosing problems with those parts and how to change them.

All types of automobiles rely on a suspension system to attach the body and frame of the vehicle to its wheels. Suspensions serve the important purpose of keeping the wheels firmly planted on the ground. They also make driving more comfortable by reducing shock. Truck suspensions are similar to car suspensions but use larger components that can handle the increased weight or survive the stresses of off-road driving.

Springs

Coil springs serve as the basis of most truck suspensions. The springs rely on a very simple mechanical principle of compression to resist the shocks that the wheels experience. Springs absorb energy to push the wheels down and keep the frame of the truck level.

Struts

Struts are shock absorbers that run through the center of a truck suspensions coil springs. They contain compressed gas or liquid that can absorb energy and keep the trucks body level, much like the coil spring. Struts differ from coil springs in that they include multiple mounting points for attaching to the truck frame and other suspension components. A strut can resist force in an up-down direction, but also from side-to-side. Struts are stronger (and larger) than the shock absorbers on small cars, making them ideal for trucks when paired with a coil spring.

Sway Bars

A trucks sway bar is a relatively large piece of its suspension. Sway bars connect two wheels at the same end of the truck. They are not solid, but instead include a torsion spring that absorbs energy as the trucks makes turns, when force is applied to the wheels unevenly. Sway bars help prevent the body of the truck from leaning as the driver executes a turn and subjects it to sideways (torsional) force.

Tie Rods

A trucks tie rod is a solid metal shaft that runs the width of the front suspension. It attaches near each wheel and engages the steering mechanism. Since the steering components, like the Pitman arm and drag link, are not part of the suspension structure and dont attach directly to the wheels, the tie rod links the steering shaft to the suspension so that the trucks driver can control the wheels independent of the movement of the suspension.

Control Arms

A control arm attaches each wheel to the trucks frame directly. Two control arms form a double-wishbone suspension, which attaches to the wheel via a ball joint that allows the control arm to pivot. Steering linkages affect the motion of the control arm to apply the force that turns the wheel.

The Honda K20A engine is part of the K series of four-cylinder, four-stroke engines released by the Honda Motor Company. These engines featured Hondas Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control (i-VTEC) system, which offered continual variable camshaft phasing. The K series of engines first appeared in 2001.

Power

The K20A engine has a power output rating of 154. It generates 220 horsepower at 8,000 rpm and up to 152 pound-feet of torque when at 7,000 rpm. It features a 16-valve mode and a 12 valve economy mode. This engine uses a standard intake-to-combustion-to-exhaust engine cycle.

i-VTEC

The Honda i-VTEC system seeks to improve a standard internal combustion engine by increasing the volumetric efficiency. This system has two camshaft profiles, and it can automatically switch between these two profiles depending on the engines needs. The intake camshaft can move between 25 and 50 degrees when the vehicle is in motion. Your engines cam gear, controlled by a computer system, manages these changes. The actual phase change is affected by both the rpms and engine load. This system first appeared in the 2003 Honda Civic.

Components

The K20A i-VTEC system features a variable valve timing control (VTC) actuator, which controls the timing of the valve. This VTC actuator is actually managed by your oil pressure. It provides both continuous and dynamic valve timing. The intake manifold on this engine features intake runners that are all the same length, and the throttle body is larger than those in older models. The exhaust and intake ports are smooth, to improve airflow to the cylinders. The exhaust manifold is a 4-2-1 Tri-Y design.

Features

It comes with both manifold absolute pressure (MAP) and mass air flow (MAF) sensors, which ensure that the correct amount of airflow gets into the engine. The engine control unit (ECU) on this engine controls the MAF sensor. The K20A i-VTEC also comes with hydraulic power steering and Drive By Wire (DBW) throttle control.

The automatic transmission shifter in the Jeep Cherokee is located on the transmission hump, between the front seats. The handle on the top of the shifter is made of plastic and has a button on the right end, which the driver must depress to shift the transmission out of "Park." Removal of the transmission from the truck required you to remove the handle from the shifter, in order to allow the transmission to be lowered out of the truck. The shifter handle will also need to be removed if you are removing the console from the truck.

Instructions

1

Place a set of wheel chocks or wooden blocks in front and behind the tires of your Jeep Cherokee, so that it will not roll. Turn the ignition key to the "Unlock" position, but do not turn it on.

2

Depress the brake pedal with your foot, depress the button on the shifter, then pull the shifter into the "Neutral" position. While you can leave the shifter in "Park," if you do, there will be very limited clearance around it.

3

Place your hands under the shifter handle, palms facing up. Pull straight up on the shifter handle. The handle will pop off the shaft very unexpectedly, so do not lean over the handle while you are pulling on it.

Using a normal socket with an impact wrench is no different than using an impact socket with an impact wrench. The difference between the two sockets is the thickness and hardness of the material used to make them. Obviously, the impact socket is made to withstand the punishment of the impact wrench, but for projects that require less torque to either attach or remove a fastener, a normal socket will do just fine.

Instructions

1

Attach the air compressor hose to the impact wrench by pulling back the compression ring on the female end of the hose and inserting the male fitting on the handle of the impact wrench into the hose connection and releasing the compression ring when the male fitting is seated.

2

Choose the appropriate size normal socket that will fit the nut or bolt being removed. Align the square hole in the socket with the square drive on the impact wrench and push the square drive of the impact wrench into the square hole of the socket.

3

Remove the nut or bolt by placing the exposed end of the socket over the nut or bolt and pressing the trigger of the impact wrench. Make sure that the impact is set in the reverse position before pressing the trigger. If the nut or bolt is being tightened, place the socket attached to the impact wrench over the nut or bolt and press the trigger while the wrench is in the forward position. Refer to the impact wrench manufacturers manual for directions.

The size of an exhaust header pipe should match the needs of a particular vehicle. You can find the size of a header pipe by performing a simple math equation. To do this you first need to obtain variables to use in the equation. These variables include the engines cubic inch displacement, its maximum revolutions per minute and the outside diameter of the header tube. You can find the variables for the equation by referencing your owners manual or a repair manual for the vehicle.

Instructions

1

Write the equation for calculating pipe header size. This is expressed as L = CID x 1900/RPM x OD.

2

Input the cubic inch displacement of the engine for CID. Input the maximum RPM of the engine into the equation. Input the Outside Diameter of the header tube for OD in the equation.

3

Multiply the CID by 1900 and note the result. Multiply the maximum engine RPM by the OD and note the result. Divide the first result by the second result to obtain the size of the pipe header.

Nissan vehicles come equipped with an ECU, or Engine Control Unit, which is a computer that monitors all of the vehicles functions. When you see the Check Engine light illuminate on your instrument cluster, you should have the vehicle looked at by a qualified mechanic immediately. Once any repairs are made, then you can manually reset and turn off the engine light yourself right from your home garage. It requires no special tools and only a couple of minutes of your time.

Instructions

1

Get into the vehicle and put the key into the ignition. Turn the vehicle on but dont start the engine.

2

Press on the accelerator quickly five times in five seconds and release the pedal. Make sure you press the pedal all the way down to the floor of the vehicle. Wait for about 10 seconds.

3

Push the pedal all the way to the floor and hold it for 10 seconds or until the engine light flashes on and off. Release the pedal.

4

Repeat step 3.

5

Turn the ignition off and wait 3 minutes. Turn on the engine. The engine light should now be off.

A Ford Windstars air conditioning orifice tube is also know as an expansion tube. The component contains a filter and it screens out particles, such as dirt, grit and metal shavings, in the air from within high-pressure line. The orifice tube should be removed and replaced after all refrigerant has been discharged from the air conditioning system. The tube is located in the Windstars engine compartment.

Instructions

1

Release the Windstars hood latch. Open and secure the hood.

2

Look toward the center of the engine compartment and locate two sets of aluminum pipes. The larger of the two pipes is the low-pressure line. The thinner is the high-pressure line.

3

Follow the high-pressure line to the evaporator. At the end the line is the orifice tube.

The Chevrolet Suburban is a full-size sport utility vehicle manufactured by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. The models made from 2000 to 2006 are specifically known as the GMT800 Suburbans. The 2003 Suburban has an outside mirror on each side of the vehicle. The procedure for replacing the outside mirror is the same for all versions of the GMT800. Some vehicles have electrochromatic mirrors, which contain fluid that can damage the paint on the vehicle.

Instructions

1

Press the mirror in the bottom outside corner of the mirror as you hold the upper inner corner of the mirror. Pull the upper inner corner of the the mirror gently to detach it from its mount.

2

Disconnect the electrical connector from the mirror if your vehicle is equipped with electrochromatic mirrors and remove the mirror from the vehicle.

3

Remove the retaining screws for the mirror motor with a socket wrench. Disconnect the electrical connector from the motor, if your vehicles is equipped with power mirrors. Detach the mirror motor from the vehicle.

4

Install the new mirror motor into the mirror mount if your vehicle has power mirrors. Attach the electrical connector for the motor and fasten the retaining screws for the motor with a socket wrench.

5

Mount the new mirror, and connect the electrical wiring to the mirror, if your vehicle has electrochromatic mirrors. Gently push the mirror down and inward to lock it into place.

The Chevy Express van was introduced in 1996, taking over for the older G-Series versions. Like the G-Series, the Express featured three weight classes and several different engine options. While the location of the oxygen sensors on the exhaust systems is fairly standardized, ensuring youre replacing the correct one may require a little diagnostic time. The Express features V-engines, meaning it employs a right and left exhaust manifold. Each manifold is monitored by an upstream sensor. The converter or converters are also monitored by a downstream sensor.

Instructions

1

Put on the safety glasses and start the van up if the engine is cold.

2

Crawl under the van to locate the correct oxygen sensor or sensors to replace. While the engine is running, spray penetrating lubricant along the threads of the oxygen sensor. Keep spraying on and off and allow the engine to run for a couple minutes to warm up the exhaust system.

3

Crawl back out and shut the engine off and then return to the oxygen sensor with the remaining tools.

4

Disconnect the wire harness plug from the oxygen sensor.

5

Place the wire into the slot on the side of the oxygen sensor socket and then place the socket onto the oxygen sensor. Attach the ratchet to the socket and turn the sensor counterclockwise to unscrew it from the exhaust port.

6

Insert the new oxygen sensor into the exhaust port and then thread it in by hand as far as it will go.

7

Tighten the sensor with the socket and ratchet clockwise until its snug. Do not over-tighten or youll strip the threads of the new sensor out.

8

Reconnect the wire harness connection. Remove the tools and old sensor.

Even if you have never heard the words "instrument cluster," you look at it every time you drive your 2001 Honda Civic. The instrument cluster includes the gas gauge, the speedometer, check engine lights and more. All of these gauges are part of a unit; so if any of the gauges are broken or the lights are burnt out, there is no removing that single component. The whole instrument cluster must be removed.

Instructions

1

Verify that both front tires are pointing straight ahead. Pop the Civics hood and remove the negative battery cable from the negative terminal with a wrench. Wait two to three minutes for any lingering or remaining power to deplete itself. This is a safety precaution to disarm the Civics airbag system.

2

Move the steering wheel to the lowest possible position if you own a Civic hatchback. Coupes and sedans do not have an adjustable steering wheel, unless one was installed as an aftermarket upgrade.

3

Remove any retaining screws from the steering wheel cover with a screwdriver then remove the steering wheel cover.

4

Push the instrument cover bezel back to disengage it from its retaining clips then pull the bezel forward. This trim panel is only a molded plastic covering that fits around and over the instrument cluster.

5

Remove the three retaining screws around the cluster. There will be one at the top and two at the bottom.

6

Pull the instrument cluster forward to expose the wiring behind it. There should be two wiring connectors. Undo these connectors then pull the instrument cluster out of the dashboard.

The thermostat in the 4.3-liter GMC Sierra pickup truck regulates operating temperatures within the engine to prevent overheating and premature engine failure. This is a big task for a very small, inexpensive part. When the thermostat stops regulating properly, you will notice the temperature gauge in the dash start to rise. You will smell the sweet odor of overheating coolant and your truck will eventually pour steam out of the engine bay. Changing the thermostat is a fairly easy job that shouldnt take you very long at all.

Instructions

1

Lift the hood and prop it open. Position a drain pan under the drain valve on the bottom of the radiator. Loosen the radiator cap. Open the valve with a pliers. Drain two gallons of coolant into a clean drain pan. Close the drain valve with the pliers.

2

Follow the upper radiator hose to the thermostat housing, behind the alternator.

3

Remove the two bolts that secure the housing to the engine. Hose removal is not necessary to remove the thermostat housing.

4

Lift the housing up and shove it and the hose out of your way.

5

Pull the old thermostat out of the engine and place the new one in. You must place the new one into the engine and orientate it in the same manner as the old one.

6

Lift the old gasket off the engine, wipe down the surface with a clean towel and place the new thermostat gasket into place.

7

Place the thermostat housing back on the engine and bolt it into place.

8

Remove the radiator cap. Pour the two gallons of fluid back into the radiator. Replace and tighten the cap. Close the hood.

A cars engine needs a pathway, as well as a power amplifier, to move torque from the engine to the transmission, which propels a vehicle forward. A torque converter is the device that provides this.

Identification

The torque converter is situated between the engine and transmission. It functions as a multiplier for the power generated from the engine to the motion of the transmission. It also helps muffle vibration from the drivetrain and engine components.

Features

The torque converter is a completely sealed assembly, which does not allow for any maintenance or servicing. But there is a way to test it called a stall test. Turn the car on and make sure the parking brake is engaged, as well as securing the wheels by chocking them. Press both the brake and accelerator pedal down together and see what RPM the car reaches. Check the typical RPM the vehicle usually achieves with the vehicle manufacturer. If it is lower than mandated, the torque converter may be slipping.

Warning

This stall test tends to put strain on the transmission. It is recommended to only perform this test in five second intervals.

Acrylic lacquer is a form of automotive paint that can be applied as a primer, color or final clear coat. Acrylic lacquer is susceptible to temperature fluctuations, and therefore requires a urethane reducer liquid to ensure the paint leaves the spray gun at the proper viscosity. If the paint is too thick, the spray gun may be unable to effectively disperse the paint; too thin, and the paint will not properly apply to the surface.

Instructions

1

Pour 3/4 gallon of acrylic lacquer into a mixing container that is at least 1.5 gallons.

2

Pour 1 qt. or about 1/4 gallon of enamel hardener into the mixing container. This is about a 3:1 ratio.

3

Pour 1/5 gallon -- about 90 percent of the 1-qt. can -- of urethane reducer into the mixing container and stir vigorously. Pour the mixture into the paint gun canister and begin applying the reduced acrylic lacquer.

The brakes in most vehicles, excepting large trucks and the like, are operated hydraulically -- that is, by the pressure of a working fluid. This fluid is carried in lines that run under the body of the car, and these lines are fixed to the car with brake line clips.

What is a Brake Line Clip?

Brake line clips are small metal clips, usually cast or punched out of sheet metal or, increasingly, of plastic. They have a half-circle depression in them to accommodate the relatively small girth of the brake line. There are two holes on either side of this depression. These match with holes in the underside of the car body frame, with small bolts being used to fix the clips and the brake line to the body of the car.

Reason 1: Mechanical Stress

Brake lines are often made of metal, and are semi-flexible. Nonetheless, the bottom of a car is a hostile environment. Brake line clips protect the break line by keeping it from hanging below the bottom of the car, where it could get snagged on debris or terrain. They also protect the line from the undue stress that would be imposed by allowing the line to simply hang below the car, which could pull it loose of its couplings at either end.

Reason 2: Corrosion Protection

By keeping the brake lines up against the bottom of the car, the brake line clips perform a secondary service by keeping them from getting as caked in road salt and water as they otherwise might. This helps prevent undue corrosion.

Sometimes a vehicle may be purchased with exterior art that you would rather have removed. Elaborate and ornate pinstripes were popular in the past and there still some people who add them to customized cars today. Painted-on pinstripes are rarer today, be sure to check that yours are actually painted on. Following these steps will remove several types of painted-on stripes.

Instructions

1

Wash your car, removing all dirt and dust from the exterior. Find a well-ventilated area to work in. Wear all safety gear including a chemical respirator. Add a dab of paint thinner to a cotton swab and apply to the pinstripe, beginning at one end of the stripe. Rub the paint thinner on a one- to two-inch section of the pinstripe for a few seconds and allow it to sit for a moment. Using the credit card, push/scrape against the pinstripe and see if it comes off; if not, reapply and try again.

2

Apply the oven cleaner to a cotton swab and repeat the same actions used in Step 1, if you still see remains of the pinstripe. Quickly follow the removal with a damp sponge, removing the oven cleaner before it eats into the rest of the vehicles paint.

3

Use the razor blade only if Steps 1 and 2 failed. Be sure to reapply paint thinner before using the razor blade. Drag the razor blade across the pinstripe at the steepest angle possible. This will minimize the chance of you digging into the vehicles paint.

4

Rewash the vehicle and buff/wax the area where the pinstripes were located to minimize paint variation.

The 2009 Ford F-150 came with a wide array of high-luxury and high-tech options available. One of these options was Fords Microsoft-powered Sync. This system allows the driver to change radio stations, adjust the radio volume, perform basic vehicle diagnostics and even make phone calls by just speaking. Sync utilized Bluetooth technology to access the drivers cell phone, in order to make hands-free calling possible. To make this system function correctly, as with all Bluetooth devices, you must pair the cell phone with Sync.

Instructions

Without Navigation System

1

Turn your cell phones Bluetooth on. This process varies, depending on the phone you have.

2

Insert the ignition key in the F-150s ignition and start the truck. Turn the radio on.

3

Press the button on the radio in the shape of a phone. Observe as "Connecting" or "No Phone Found" shows on the Sync display, depending if you already paired a phone to the F-150.

4

Press the up or down arrow key until "Add Bluetooth Device" appears on the Sync display screen. Press the "OK" button.

5

Listen for Sync to say "Press OK to begin pairing device." Press the "OK" button.

6

Listen for Sync to say "Search for SYNC on your device and enter the PIN provided by SYNC." Locate "Sync" in the Bluetooth devices listed on your phone and select it. Enter the PIN provided by on the Sync display screen. You have three minutes to complete this task, or you must go back to Step 1.

7

Observe as "Device Connected" appears on the Sync display screen, if successfully paired.

8

Press the "OK" button when "Primary" shows up on the Sync display screen. To set this phone as primary, click "OK" when "Yes" appears on the screen. Scroll to "No," using the arrow keys, and press "OK" if you do not want this phone as the primary. The primary phone is the phone that the Sync searches for by default when the F-150 starts.

9

Observe as "Download Phonebook?" appears on the Sync display, if your phone supports this feature. Press the "OK" button. If you would like to download your phonebook to Sync, press "OK" when "Yes" appears on the screen. If not, scroll to "No," using the arrow keys, then press "OK."

10

Observe as "Download Complete" appears on the Sync display when the phonebook download is complete, if applicable.

11

Press the arrow keys until "Exit Phone Menu" appears on the Sync display screen, and press "OK" to exit the system.

12

Turn the ignition off and remove the key.

With Navigation System

13

Turn your cell phones Bluetooth on. This process varies, depending on the phone you have.

14

Start the F-150s engine and turn the radio on.

15

Press the "Phone" button on the F-150s radio. This allows you to access the phone menu.

16

Touch the "Settings" button on the left of the navigation screen.

17

Press the "Add" button on the right side of the navigation screen. Observe as a "Pass-Key" appears on the screen. Locate "Sync" in the Bluetooth devices on your cell phone and add the "Pass-Key" when prompted. This process varies, depending on your model of phone.

18

Observe as "Pairing Successful" appears on the screen; if this does not appear, start over from Step 1.

19

Select "Yes" or "No" when "Set as Favorite Phone?" appears on the screen. Selecting "Yes" means this phone is the one that Sync will connect to when first started.

20

Observe as "Download Phonebook/Call History?" appears on the screen. Select "Yes" to add your phonebook and call history to Sync. Select "No" not to add it.

21

Turn the ignition off and remove the key.

Rust can ruin a car, and it often hits the lowest part of the vehicle first. One of the most susceptible pieces to get damaged is usually the exhaust system. Theyre generally made out of welded pieces of pipe; when the weld is exposed to salt or water, it can start to rust. Stopping and preventing rust on welds around your muffler and exhaust welds is an easy task.

Instructions

1

Raise the vehicle using the jack and support it on all four corners using the jack stands. Make sure the vehicle is properly supported before you crawl underneath it.

2

Crawl underneath the vehicle and locate the first welded area on your exhaust. Mask off an area about 3 inches wide, 1 1/2-inch on either side of the weld, with the masking tape and masking paper.

3

Spray the exhaust with the hi-temp paint. This will stick to the exhaust even through extreme temperatures, and also protect the welds from further rusting.

4

Peel off the masking tape and masking paper.

5

Repeat this process for each weld on the exhaust.

6

Raise the vehicle off of the jack stands with the jack and lower it to the ground.

Many situations require you to connect a battery cable. Three such examples follow.

Instructions

Replacing the Battery Cables on Your Vehicles

1




Remove the old cables from your battery by loosening the bolts on both cable ends with a wrench. Take both cables off the battery posts, starting with the negative cable.

2

Disconnect the negative cable from the engine block. Remove the positive cable from the solenoid, relay or starter.

3




Clean both battery posts with a wire brush. Connect the positive cable to the solenoid, relay or starter. Connect the other end to the battery post and tighten both ends with a wrench. Connect the negative battery cable to the engine block where you took it off. Connect the other end to the negative post on the battery and tighten both ends with a wrench.

Connecting Jumper Cables

4




Clean both cables on the battery with a wire brush to get a good connection.

5




Connect one end of the jumper cables to the positive (+) side of the dead battery. Always start with the positive (+) cable. Connect the other end of the jumper cable to the positive (+) side of the fully charged battery.

6




Connect the negative (-) side of the jumper cables to the fully charged battery first. Connect the other end of the jumper cable to the engine. Locate an unpainted bolt or nut and place the other end of the jumper cable on it, being sure the bolt or nut is free of grease and dirt. This will let you start your vehicle.

Connecting the Second Battery in the Vehicle

7

Connect a second battery in parallel with the first battery, i.e., hook the negative (-) post from the first battery to the negative (-) post on the second battery first. Hook the positive (+) post from the first battery to the positive (+) post on the second battery.

8

Remove the nut from the negative (-) cable and take the cable off the battery. Take the nut off the positive (+) cable end and place the eyelet of the new cable on the bolt, then replace the nut and tighten with a wrench. Place the other end of the cable on the positive (+) post on the second battery, tighten with a wrench.

9

Connect one cable end to the negative (-) post of the second battery and tighten with a wrench. Place the other end with the eyelet on the negative (-) cable end bolt on the first battery and replace the nut. Reconnect the cable to the first battery and tighten nut with a wrench.

Everyone knows that brake lights are extremely important features of a vehicle. Theyre there to keep ourselves and other drivers safe, and when brake lights burn out or get damaged, its imperative that we replace them as soon as possible. Replacing the trunk brake light on a 1995 Honda Civic wont take you long, and all you will need for the job is a screwdriver and a new bulb.

Instructions

1

Open the trunk. Disconnect the electrical wires from the hold-down clip by sliding them out toward the center of the vehicle.

2

Detach the two screws from the bulb holder using a Phillips screwdriver. Remove the bulb holder from the brake light assembly.

3

Verify which bulb needs to be replaced by having someone press the brake pedal while you look at the lights.

4

Push the bulb gently into the housing and turn it counterclockwise until it comes loose.

5

Insert the new bulb into the socket by pressing it in slightly and turning it clockwise until it locks into place. Test the new bulb before moving to the next step.

6

Reinstall the bulb holder assembly and reattach it with the two screws. Tighten the screws using a Phillips screwdriver. Place the wires back in their original location in the hold-down clip. Close the trunk.

The belt tensioner pulley in an automobile is a small pulley that serves to push against any slack in the engines serpentine belts, thereby keeping them taut. When these belts need to be removed, whether for repair or maintenance, the belt tensioner needs to be moved in order to release the tension on the belt, allowing the belt to be pulled off. Releasing the tension on the belts can be done quickly and easily.

Instructions

1

Open the hood of your car and locate the belt tensioner. It is a small pulley attached to a spring-loaded arm near the center of the engine, usually directly underneath the alternator.

2

Use a socket wrench to turn the bolt in the center of the pulley. In most cars, you will need to turn the bolt clockwise, but in some older American cars you may need to turn the bolt counterclockwise.

3

Hold the wrench so that the bolt remains turned and pull the belt off of the pulleys. This is a hydraulic bolt, so you just need to turn it, not unscrew it.

The Nissan 3.3 engines exhaust manifold collects exhaust from each of the valves and sends it through the exhaust pipe. The exhaust manifold must be in good condition to avoid harmful fumes from entering the cabin. If the vehicles exhaust manifold has a crack in it, replace it as soon as possible.

Instructions

1

Disconnect the negative cable from the battery using a wrench to loosen the nut on the terminal. Remove the heat shields from around the manifold using a wrench. Disconnect the EGR tube from the valve.

2

Unplug the electrical wire from the heated oxygen sensor by pulling it off. Disconnect the front exhaust pipes using a wrench to loosen the bolts. Remove the bolts from the exhaust manifold using a socket, ratchet and extension.

3

Remove the exhaust manifold with the catalytic converter still attached. Remove the catalytic converter from the manifold using a wrench. Attach the converter to the new manifold and tighten the bolts with a wrench.

4

Install the manifold to the engine and tighten the fasteners with a socket, ratchet and extension. Connect the front exhaust pipes using a wrench to tighten the bolts. Plug the electrical wire into the heated oxygen sensor.

5

Connect the EGR tube. Install the heat shields around the manifold and tighten the fasteners with a wrench. Connect the negative battery cable and tighten the terminal nut with a wrench.

You can read the diagnostic codes for your 95 Chevy Lumina V.6 right from home using an OBD scan tool. This tool can be purchased from any auto parts retailer for the purpose of retrieving diagnostic codes and resetting them. These codes help you troubleshoot problems within your Lumina. The on-board diagnostics computer (OBD) receives diagnostic trouble codes sent to it from various sensors positioned throughout the vehicle. It alerts you to these trouble codes by illuminating a warning or service light on the Luminas instrument panel.

Instructions

1

Find the fuse panel cover under the steering wheel. Pull down on it from the top using your fingers.

2

Find the port to the left side of the fuse panel. Plug the OBD scan tool into this port.

3

Put the key into the ignition and turn it on but dont start the engine. Find the on/off switch on the scan tool and turn it on.

4

Wait for the scan tool to read the codes. Write these codes on a piece of paper. Turn off the scan tool and unplug it from the port. Turn off the vehicle.

5

Look up the meaning of the codes in the scan tools manual.

Nissan Extended Service, also known as Nissan Extended Warranty, is an extended warranty you can buy for your vehicle after your manufacturers warranty expires. It protects you when you need to repair your vehicle. When you need repairs, you pay the deductible (which depends on your plan) and any parts not covered by your plan, then Nissan pays the remaining amount directly to the repair facility. If you wish to cancel your Nissan Extended Service and are reimbursed for it, you can do so at your local Nissan dealership.

Instructions

1

Go to your local Nissan dealership.

2

Get a Cancellation Request form from the dealership.

3

Fill out the form, sign it and have your Nissan dealer sign it. Include the date and mileage on your car.

4

Mail the form to Nissan Extended Services North America, P.O. Box 685004, Franklin, TN, 37068-5004. Wait four to six weeks for the form to be processed; the refund will be sent to the address you provide on the form.

Taking proper care of your tractors engine is essential to maintaining a properly working engine that will last and have few complications. The 200 John Deere T280 has a Yanmar T280 engine and requires that you use certain types of oil. Oil for your tractor is one thing you dont want to skimp on, as the better quality brands are better for your engine, lubricate better than the cheaper ones and last longer.

John Deer 650 Engine

The John Deere 650 is distributed by John Deere and manufactured by Yanmar in Japan with a Yanmar T280 engine. The Yanmar T280 engine is a 2-cylinder diesel engine with liquid cooling. This particular model has 2,600 rpm with 12 starter volts. Its available in 4x2 or 4x4, manual or power steering.

Diesel Engine Care

Diesel engines need different care than gasoline engines. Diesel engines generally create greater internal pressure and heat, therefore oil is used more in diesel engines for cooling the engine than with gasoline. They are also more susceptible to engine problems caused by poor lubrication and dirt. Improper oil use and care can be detrimental to your tractor, causing serious engine damage, overheating and thermal distortion.

Oil Types

There are several oil types, and within these types are various classifications. The two most common types are designated for diesel (compression engines) and gasoline engines (spark engines). Each type has a API (American Petroleum Institute) rating. The ratings will signify the type of oil and class. The first letter represents the type "C" for diesel compression engines and "S" for gasoline spark engines. The second letter represents the class or grade.

What Oil for Your Tractor

To properly maintain and care for your Yanmar diesel engine, it is recommended that you use an oil with a classification of CE, CF, CG or higher.

You can clear the error codes on your Toyota Corolla right from your home garage, saving yourself time and money. Corollas made in 1996 or later come standard with an On-Board Diagnostics II computer (OBD II), whereas earlier Corollas come with an OBD I computer. You will need to purchase or borrow an OBD I or II scanner to read and clear the error codes. Sensors are positioned throughout the Corolla that detect malfunctions and send this information in the form of error codes to the computer, which in turn illuminates a warning light on the instrument panel. The sensors also keep track of the regular maintenance needs of the car, and this is displayed on the instrument panel in the form of a service light. Do not attempt to clear the error codes until you have had the vehicle serviced or repaired. The lights will keep turning themselves on if you prematurely reset the computer.

Instructions

1

Plug the scanner into the Diagnostic Link Connector (DLC) on the lower part of the drivers side dashboard near the hood release.

2

Put the key into the ignition, and turn it to the "on" position. Dont crank the engine. The scanner will turn on automatically.

3

Locate a command on the scanner that says "Erase Codes" or something similar. Select this command. Once the scanner has completed the task, it will display "Command Sent" or just return you to the main menu.

4

Unplug the scanner, and start the engine. Verify on the instrument cluster that all warning and service lights have shut off.

The rotors are arguably the most important of all of the components of the 2002 Toyota 4Runners brake assembly. The rotors provide the platform on which the brake pads rely to slow and eventually stop the vehicle. Damaged rotors will compromise the effectiveness of the brakes, leading to uncontrolled braking and possibly brake failure. Inspect the rotors regularly for scoring and other damage to catch any repair or replacement needs as soon as possible.

Instructions

1

Park the 4Runner on a flat surface and turn the engine off. Open the hood and remove the master cylinder cap located on the right side of the engine, near the back of the engine compartment. Remove 1/3 of the brake fluid from the reservoir with a turkey baster. Place a shop rag over the containers opening.

2

Place tire blocks in front of the front tires. Loosen the lug nuts on the rear wheels with the 17-mm socket and breaker bar. Place the jack under the frame in the back of the vehicle and lift the rear wheels off the ground. Rest the rear axles onto jack stands and remove the jack. Remove the lug nuts and take the back wheels/tires off.

3

Remove the caliper slide bolts on the right rear caliper with the 14-mm wrench. Lift the caliper from the caliper bracket and suspend it above the brake assembly with a wire coat hanger or bungee cord. Remove the brake pads from the caliper bracket by hand. Each of the two pads will slide from the caliper bracket slots on either side of the right rear brake rotor.

4

Remove the caliper bracket bolts with the 16-mm wrench. Lift the bracket from the rotor and set it aside.

5

Tap the center section of the rotor with a dead-blow hammer to loosen the grip of rust on the back side of the rotor. Grab the rotor on both sides and pull it straight from the wheel hub.

6

Spray brake parts cleaner on the wheel hub and clean the area with a wire brush to remove rust and other debris. Clean the new brake rotors thoroughly with brake cleaner and a cloth towel.

7

Place the new rotor on the wheel bolts with the raised center section facing out. Replace the caliper bracket on the rotor and screw in the caliper bolts. Slide the new brake pads into the bracket slots on either side of the rotor.

8

Place the C-clamp over the caliper piston and the back side of the rear caliper. Squeeze the piston into the side of the caliper. Remove the clamp after the piston has been forced completely inside the caliper wall. Place the caliper over the bracket and the new brake pads. Screw in the caliper slide bolts and tighten them with the 14-mm wrench.

9

Move to the opposite side of the 4Runner and replace the left rotor and brake pads (follow Steps 3 through 8). Place the wheels back on the Toyotas rear wheel bolts and screw on the lug nuts by hand. Lift the rear-end of the 4Runner with the jack and remove the jack stands. Lower the rear tires to the ground and tighten the lugs with the socket and breaker bar. Return to the drivers seat.

10

Start the Toyotas engine and press the brake pedal repeatedly until the pedal response returns to normal. Move to the engine compartment with a funnel and brake fluid. Remove the shop rag and place the funnel inside the reservoir. Fill the master cylinder with brake fluid. Remove the funnel and replace the master cylinder cap. Close the Toyotas hood.

A valve guide is a cylindrical part used to make sure that a valve makes proper contact with a valve seat in a reciprocating engine.

Significance

Each poppet valve in a cylinder head has a valve guide. The valve guide works with the valve spring to make sure the valve stays straight and makes contact with the valve seat. The valve guide guide also conduct heat from the exhaust valve into the cylinder head.

Considerations

Both bronze and steel are used to make valve guides. These materials are used because theyre strong. When a valve guide wears out, the valve doesnt properly connect with the valve guide, which makes oil leaks appear.

Aircraft

Valve guides are commonly used in aircraft engines. In aircraft engines, the valve guides are a tube that flares on one end in a T shape.

Ushering in Fords new generation of dual overhead cam (DOHC) V-6s, the Duratec V-6 started production in 1996 as a four valves per cylinder, aluminum head and block, 60-degree V-6 that replaced an aging generation of pushrod V-6s.

History

Introduced as an optional engine upgrade in 1996 for Fords line of Taurus/Sable sedans, the 3.0L Duratec engines reached their peak in 2001 when they became the base engine for both the Taurus/Sable line and the Escape/Tribute line of small SUVs. This engine also found applications in the Lincoln LS, the Mazda 6, Mazda MPV, Ford Freestyle, Mercury Montego and the Jaguar S and X models. Its still in production today.

Power

Producing a base 200 horsepower at 6,000 rpm and 193 lb. ft. of torque at 4,850 rpm, the Duratec 3.0L V-6 was tuned to a beefier 232 horsepower for select models starting in 2000 using an upgraded valvetrain system.

Efficiency

Engineered for efficiency, the 3.0L Duratec V-6 has sequential multiport fuel injection (SFI), variable valve timing (VVT) (in later versions only) and intake manifold runner control (IMRC), all of which increase fuel efficiency and power. The lighter, all-aluminum (with cast-iron cylinder liners) construction decreases engine weight for even greater efficiency.

Technical Data

Holding 5.5 quarts of oil at 11 psi, the 3.0L (181-cubic-inch displacement) Duratec V-6 features an 89.0-mm bore, 79.5-mm stroke, a firing order of 1-4-2-5-3-6 and spark plug gaps of 1.3 to 1.4 mm. The valve stem diameter is 5.975 to 5.995 mm for the 35-mm intake valves and 5.950 to 5.970 mm for the 30-mm exhaust valves with 0.05 mm of valve face runout and a valve face angle of 45.5 degrees.

An automatic vehicle window failure usually results from a damaged or broken window regulator or window motor. The motor powers the regulator, which raises and lowers automatic and manual windows.

Window Regulator

The window regulator comes in various designs, so the cost depends on the type your car uses. Window regulators for foreign luxury cars are generally more expensive than common domestic cars. The price ranges from $90 (e.g., 2005 Ford Taurus) to $378 (e.g., 2011 Mercedes Benz CLS550), according to RepairPal in November 2010.

Window Motor

The cost of a window motor can range from $96 dollars in a more common vehicle, to $264 on a more expensive, rare vehicle.

Labor

Generally, it is more expensive to repair a foreign luxury car than it is to repair a common domestic car. Trucks can be even less expensive, as it costs as low as $30 or $40 dollars to replace a regulator in some makes and models. Car regulator labor costs can range from $115 to $145 dollars in common cars and range from $314 to $400 in luxury cars. Window motor replacement labor costs range from $82 to $105 in common cars and from $315 to $400 dollars in luxury cars.

Threaded inserts provide threads in soft materials or replace damaged threads. The method used to fix the insert will vary depending on which type of insert you find in the part. The coiled wire threads provided by an expanding threaded insert are unlike cut threads produced by tapping metal. This makes running a tap through the insert to fix damaged threads impossible. However, solid sleeve inserts provide a workable surface that requires less effort to fix the threads.

Instructions

Fixing a Damaged Coil Type Threaded Insert

1

Slide the end of a threaded insert removal tool into the end of the damaged insert. Hit the end of the tool with a hammer to lock it in the insert.

2

Turn the handle of the removal tool counterclockwise to remove the insert from the base material. Grab the insert with a pair of self-locking pliers. Turn the removal tool clockwise, while you hold the self-locking pliers to remove the insert from the tool. Dispose of the damaged insert.

3

Turn a threaded insert clockwise to thread it onto the end of an insert tool.

4

Thread the insert into the base material hole. Stop turning the thread insert when its top wire sits even with the top of the hole. Turn the tool handle counterclockwise to remove it from the insert.

5

Slide a tang removal tool into the threaded insert. Strike the end of the tool with a hammer to remove the tang.

Fixing Threads in a Solid Threaded Insert

6

Select a tap from a tap set matching the damaged internal threads of the threaded insert.

7

Secure the tap in a tee-handle tap wrench. Coat the threaded section of the tap with cutting fluid.

8

Place the end of the tap in the end of the threaded insert. Adjust the tee-handle tap wrench to set the tap straight to the insert. Turn the handle of the tap wrench clockwise. Reverse your direction and turn a half-turn counterclockwise, if the tap binds in the insert. Continue alternating your turning direction until you reach the bottom of the insert. Remove the tap from the hole.

Isuzu manufactured the Rodeo pick-up truck from 1988 to 2002. A six-cylinder 3.2-liter engine featuring a double overhead camshaft was introduced for the 1998 model. This type of engine uses a timing belt to synchronize the rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft. The most important part of replacing the timing belt is keeping the camshafts and crankshafts in the correct position during the procedure. You must also adjust the tension on the timing belt to the proper level.

Instructions

1

Disconnect the cable on the negative battery terminal with a socket wrench. Remove the air cleaner assembly, including the intake duct. Disconnect the upper shroud for the cooling fan from the radiator. Remove the cooling fan from its pulley, and detach the drive belts. Disconnect the upper covers for the timing belt and the pulley assembly for the cooling fan.

2

Rotate the crankshaft clockwise to align the timing marks on the camshafts with the dots on the rear covers of the timing belt. The timing pointer on the crankshaft must also align with the mark on the lower cover of the timing belt. Remove the center bolt on the crankshaft pulley with tool No. J-8614-01 and disconnect the crankshaft pulley.

3

Remove the oil cooler hoses from the lower timing belt cover if present, and disconnect the cover from the engine with a socket wrench. Remove the pusher assembly under the pulley for the timing belt tensioner. Push the pusher rod into its socket and keep it retracted with a 1.4-mm wire pin. Remove the timing belt from the camshaft and crankshaft.

4

Adjust the crankshaft and camshaft sprockets to align the timing marks from step two if necessary. Install the new timing belt onto the water pump pulley and idler pulley with a socket wrench in that order.

5

Turn the left camshaft sprocket clockwise to align its timing mark with the white alignment mark on the timing belt. Connect the crankshaft pulley and tighten its bolt by hand. Turn the crankshaft pulley clockwise to create slack between the crankshaft pulley and the right camshaft pulley.

6

Push the pulley for the timing belt tensioner towards the timing belt and install the pusher assembly with a socket wrench. Remove the wire pin from the pusher to allow the pusher rod to protrude from its hole.

7

Turn the crankshaft pulley clockwise by two complete turns and align its timing marks. Fasten the pivot bolt for the timing belt tensioner pulley and tighten it to 31 foot pounds with a torque wrench. Tighten the bolts for the timing belt pusher 14 foot pounds. Disconnect the crankshaft pulley.

8

Attach the covers for the timing belt and tighten their mounting bolts to 12 foot pounds with a torque wrench. Connect the oil cooler hoses to the timing cover if present, and tighten their mounting bolts to 16 foot pounds. Mount the pulley for the crankshaft and tighten its mounting bolt to 123 foot pounds.

9

Connect the pulley assembly for the cooling fan and torque its mounting bolts to 16 foot pounds with a torque wrench. Install the accessory drive belts. Connect the cooling fan assembly and tighten its bolts to 72 inch pounds. Install the upper shroud for the cooling fan, and air cleaner assembly. Attach the negative battery cable with a socket wrench.

When it comes to resetting computers, many people believe that you can simply disconnect the vehicles battery and the computer will be automatically reset. This, however, is not the case with modern vehicles and computer systems, including the 1997 Volkswagen Passat. In these vehicles, the engine control unit, or ECU, has an internal battery that maintains memory power to keep track of all the settings, trouble codes, and other data. The proper way to reset the computer is to clear all of the trouble code data from its memory with a scan tool or code reader.

Instructions

1

Shut down the engine, but leave the ignition switch in the ON position. If you turn the ignition switch completely off, the scan tool will not be able to communicate with ECU.

2

Locate the data link connector, or DLC, under the dashboard near the hood-release latch. Plug the open end of the scan tools cable into the DLC. Make sure that it is completely seated so it doesnt come loose in the middle of clearing the codes.

3

Turn on your scan tool and enter any information that it asks for. Typically, youll need to enter the year, make, model, transmission type, and engine size of your vehicle.

4

Use the menu keys to navigate to the diagnostic trouble code, or DTC menu. Each scan tool, depending upon its manufacturer, has a different menu layout. You DTC menu may be called something like Codes or Trouble Codes. Either way, the idea is the same.

5

Choose the option to erase the trouble codes from the ECUs memory. Select Yes or OK if the scan tool asks you if youre sure you want to clear the codes. Most scan tools will ask you this to avoid accidentally clearing the diagnostic data. Disconnect the scan tool once the screen confirms the codes have been erased and the computer is reset.

The exhaust gas recirculation, or EGR, valve is a device attached to your intake manifold that recirculates approximately 10 percent of exhaust emission gases back into the intake manifold. This is supposed to lower the amount of nitrous oxide gases that are produced and emitted by your vehicle, while also minimizing overall emissions. EGR valves are installed on both gasoline and diesel engines. By improving your EGR valves performance, you may also be able to improve your vehicles overall performance.

Instructions

1

Use high quality fuel. Exhaust gas recirculation valves are most commonly damaged by debris, particles and carbon build up that occurs when fuels do not burn cleanly in the engine. These particles are then sent back through the EGR valve and into the engine. The better quality fuel you use, the fewer of these particles there will be, and the more efficiently you can expect your vehicles EGR valve to work.

2

Turn off your vehicle instead of allowing it to idle for long periods of time, especially if it is a diesel. Idling wastes fuel, and creates particles that will build up and clog your EGR valve in the process, shortening its lifespan.

3

Clean your EGR valve periodically so it does not become clogged and affect performance. The EGR valve becomes clogged by the particles that are created when fuel is used by the engine. A clogged EGR valve will negatively affect your engine and may cause a rough idle or stalling problems. You can unbolt your EGR valve from the intake manifold and clean it periodically. If the build up and debris is severe or the EGR valve is more than 10 years old, you may want to replace it.

Catalytic Converter as Afterburner

The sole job of a catalytic converter is to reheat already-burned exhaust gases from a cars engine. As burned engine fuel, or exhaust, leaves a cars engine, it travels along a cars exhaust system. A catalytic converter is located in the middle portion of the exhaust system--between the engine and the tailpipe. Exhaust gas flows directly into the catalytic converter and is reignited and reburned to reduce emissions.

Catalytic Converter Makeup

The outside of a catalytic converter looks just like a car muffler. It is sort of oblong with an aluminum outer cover. A cars exhaust pipe flows directly into a catalytic converter, which houses a catalyst that is superheated by the flowing exhaust gases and ignites the incoming exhaust gases. This catalyst is usually made up of small pieces of palladin, a heat-reactive element that turns glowing hot when heated.

Reduction of Exhaust Emissions

As exhaust gas exits a catalytic converter and flows toward the cars tailpipe, the vehicle emissions are much lower than they were before entering the catalytic converter. Due to the heating and re-igniting effects of the catalyst elements on the exhaust gases, much of the unburned or improperly burned fuel is burned in the catalytic converter and prevented from exiting the cars tailpipe into the outside air. This greatly reduces vehicle emissions.

Unleaded Gas Only

All cars equipped with catalytic converters require the use of unleaded gas only. The catalyst elements inside a catalytic converter are highly sensitive and can be damaged by gas that contains lead. Catalytic converters were first installed on American cars in 1975, the first year of unleaded gasoline.

The oil pan on a 1989 Ford Ranger is responsible for holding the engines oil supply. The oil pan is attached to the engines crankcase and held in place with bolts. Removing the oil pan from the vehicle is a fairly simple, straightforward task that can be handled by an amateur mechanic. There are no special tools required, and the job can be performed in a driveway or garage in under an hour.

Instructions

Raise The Vehicle

1

Raise the vehicle if it lacks sufficient ground clearance for you to work under it comfortably. The safest method is to use car ramps.

2

Slide underneath the truck until you reach the oil drain pan. Be sure to slide the oil drain pan, ratchet set, container and rags underneath the truck with you.

3

Align the oil dran pan directly underneath the trucks oil pan. Remove the oil pan drain plug and place it into the container. Allow all of the oil to drain completely out of the crankcase.

4

Remove the bolts around the edge of the oil pan one at a time. Support the pan with your free hand while you remove the bolts.

5

Slowly lower the pan and drain any remaining oil into the oil drain pan. Leave the drain pan in place to catch any drops of leftover oil, and bring the trucks oil pan out from underneath.

Oxygen sensors have been integrated on vehicles for more than 30 years. Located in the exhaust system, they monitor fuel-to-air ratio and catalyst efficiency. While working in a hostile environment, the sensors can eventually fail and require replacement. When this occurs, a diagnostic trouble code illuminates the check engine light to warn the driver of the component failure. Ignoring the light and not replacing the sensor can lead to further problems with the engine and emissions control system.

History

Volvo was the first auto manufacturer to feature the oxygen sensor in 1976. The sensors were specifically designed to lower emissions in the state of California to help prevent high levels of pollution. Saab soon followed suit. By 1980, almost every vehicle on the road employed one in or near the exhaust manifold. Soon, another sensor was installed into the exhaust system to monitor the efficiency of the catalytic converter. All vehicles now have at least two sensors, and some can have up to four.

Function

The upstream oxygen sensor monitors the fuel-to-air ratio for the combustible engine. A perfect mixture provides a smooth-running vehicle with lower exhaust emissions. The sensor transmits the information by radio signal to the computer of the vehicle. The computer reads the signal and makes required adjustments to the fuel-to-air mix. The downstream sensor simply monitors the catalyst efficiency and again transmits the information to the computer. When the upstream sensor fails to communicate correctly, the computer is unable to make the required adjustments and a rich or lean fuel to air mixture occurs. This causes unburned fuel to contaminate the inside of the catalytic converter.

Types

The older oxygen sensors featured a single wire to plug into the wire harness and communicate to the computer. The vehicle had to get up to operating temperature before the sensor was activated to transmit the data. This caused higher emissions to be exhausted from the engine until the sensor began to function. Newer sensors now have three to four wires. An internal heater inside the sensor heats it up more quickly to activate the function of the sensor more quickly, resulting in lower emissions.

Significance

The oxygen sensor is in place to monitor the emissions from the exhaust. Without the sensor in place or with a failed sensor, the computer cannot adjust the fuel-to-air ratio properly. This causes a rich (too much fuel) or lean (too much air) mixture. It can affect the operation of the engine and allow unburned fuel to emit down the exhaust system. When the catalyst cannot convert the unburned fuel, particles will build up on the special metals inside the catalyst. Eventually, the converter will break down inside and require replacement.

Location

As mentioned, many vehicles have multiple oxygen sensors integrated into the exhaust system. The upstream sensors are located before the catalytic converter, often near or on the manifold. Vehicles with dual manifolds will have a sensor for each. The downstream sensors are located after or in the catalytic converter. Vehicles featuring more than one converter will have one sensor for each one. Bank location of the sensors will help you determine its proper location. Bank 1 is located on the same side of the engine as the No. 1 cylinder. So a diagnostic trouble code that tells you Sensor 1 Bank 1 has failed indicates the upstream sensor on the same side as the No. 1 cylinder. Sensor 2 Bank 1 is the downstream sensor on the same side.